《旧制度与大革命·卷二·第十七章·何以施恩反而激起民变》第7节
Unfortunately I have not been able to procure all the returns sent in by the peasants in reply to these fatal questions; but I have found enough to show the general spirit which pervaded them. In these reports the name of every privileged person, whether of the nobility or the middle class, is carefully mentioned; his mode of life is frequently described, and always in an unfavourable manner. The value of his property is curiously examined; the number and extent of his privileges are insisted on at length, and especially the injury they do to all the other inhabitants of the village. The bushels of corn which have to be paid to him as dues are reckoned up; his income is calculated in an envious tone--an income by which no one profits, they say. The casual dues of the parish priest--his stipend, as it was already called--are pronounced to be excessive; it is remarked with bitterness that everything at church must be paid for, and that a poor man cannot even get buried gratis. As to the taxes, they are all unfairly assessed and oppressive; not one of them finds favour, and they are all spoken of in a tone of violence which betrays exasperation. ‘The indirect taxes are detestable,’ they say; ‘there is not a household in which the clerk of the excise does not come and search, nothing is sacred from his eyes and hands. The registration dues are crushing. The collector of the taille is a tyrant, whose rapacity leads him to avail himself of every means of harassing the poor. The bailiffs are no better; no honest farmer can be secure from their ferocity. The collectors are forced to ruin their neighbours in order to avoid exposing themselves to the voracity of these despots.’ The Revolution not only announces its approach in this inquiry; it is already there, speaking its own proper language and showing its face without disguise. Amid all the differences which exist between the religious Revolution of the sixteenth century and the French Revolution of the eighteenth, one contrast is peculiarly striking: in the sixteenth century most of the great nobles changed their religion from motives of ambition or cupidity; the people, on the contrary, from conviction and without any hope of profit. In the eighteenth century the reverse was the case; disinterested convictions and generous sympathies then agitated the enlightened classes and incited them to revolution, while a bitter feeling of their wrongs and an ardent desire to alter their position excited the common people. The enthusiasm of the former put the last stroke to inflaming and arming the rage and the desires of the latter.
注释摘要
托克维尔在这里转入了一项令他深感不安的发现：1788年初那些省三级会议向各教区发出的调查问卷，本来是为了体察民情以便改革，结果变成了点燃仇恨的导火索。他没有拿到全部农民的回执，但手中已有的材料已经足以勾勒出一种弥漫乡间的集体心态。这段文字所做的，就是把那些回执的内容——农民的亲笔控诉——逐一归类，从中提炼出几层致命的心理变化。 首先是人际关系的彻底翻转。在…