《沉思录·卷二·写于格拉努阿河畔》第16条
The soul of man does violence to itself, first of all, when it becomes an abscess, and, as it were, a tumor on the universe, so far as it can. For to be vexed at anything which happens is a separation of ourselves from nature, in some part of which the natures of all other things are contained. In the next place, the soul does violence to itself when it turns away from any man, or even moves towards him with the intention of injuring, such as are the souls of those who are angry. In the third place, the soul does violence to itself when it is overpowered by pleasure or by pain. Fourthly, when it plays a part, and does or says anything insincerely and untruly. Fifthly, when it allows any act of its own and any movement to be without an aim, and does anything thoughtlessly and without considering what it is, it being right that even the smallest things be done with reference to an end; and the end of rational animals is to follow the reason and the law of the most ancient city and polity.
注释摘要
奥勒留在这里诊断的是灵魂自我伤害的五种形态，这个诊断的犀利之处在于，他把我们通常认为来自外部的伤害全部翻转过来，指出真正的伤害只来自内部，来自灵魂对自身本性的违背。 第一种暴力最为根本，其余四种都可以看作它的具体展开。灵魂变成宇宙躯体上的一个脓肿或肿瘤，这个比喻在医学上很精准。脓肿意味着与周围组织隔绝、自行积聚毒素、最终破坏整体。斯多葛派认为宇宙是一个统一…