《乌合之众·第三编·不同群体的分类与描述·群体的分类》第2节
1. Anonymous crowds (street crowds, for example). A. Heterogeneous 2. Crowds not anonymous crowds. (juries, parliamentary assemblies, &c.). 1. Sects (political sects, religious sects, &c.). 2. Castes (the military caste, B. Homogeneous the priestly caste, the crowds. working caste, &c.). 3. Classes (the middle classes, the peasant classes, &c.). We will point out briefly the distinguishing characteristics of these different categories of crowds. It is these collectivities whose characteristics have been studied in this volume. They are composed of individuals of any description, of any profession, and any degree of intelligence. We are now aware that by the mere fact that men form part of a crowd engaged in action, their collective psychology differs essentially from their individual psychology, and their intelligence is affected by this differentiation. We have seen that intelligence is without influence in collectivities, they being solely under the sway of unconscious sentiments. A fundamental factor, that of race, allows of a tolerably thorough differentiation of the various heterogeneous crowds. We have often referred already to the part played by race, and have shown it to be the most powerful of the factors capable of determining men's actions. Its action is also to be traced in the character of crowds. A crowd composed of individuals assembled at haphazard, but all of them Englishmen or Chinamen, will differ widely from another crowd also composed of individuals of any and every description, but of other races--Russians, Frenchmen, or Spaniards, for example.
注释摘要
勒庞在这一段里完成了一件他此前没有系统做过的事：给他的研究对象画一张分类图。全书至此，他一直在讲各种群体共同的心理规律，但这一章的开场白要解决一个前置问题——不是所有人群都是一回事，所以必须先分清楚我们在讨论哪一种群体。 他的分类起点是“单纯的杂合人群”，也就是最低级、最松散的聚众。他给出的典型例子是几个世纪里入侵罗马帝国的、来源各异的蛮族，这些人没有种族…