《乌合之众·第三编·不同群体的分类与描述·群体的分类》第1节
We have sketched in this work the general characteristics common to psychological crowds. It remains to point out the particular characteristics which accompany those of a general order in the different categories of collectivities, when they are transformed into a crowd under the influences of the proper exciting causes. We will, first of all, set forth in a few words a classification of crowds. Our starting-point will be the simple multitude. Its most inferior form is met with when the multitude is composed of individuals belonging to different races. In this case its only common bond of union is the will, more or less respected of a chief. The barbarians of very diverse origin who during several centuries invaded the Roman Empire, may be cited as a specimen of multitudes of this kind. On a higher level than these multitudes composed of different races are those which under certain influences have acquired common characteristics, and have ended by forming a single race. They present at times characteristics peculiar to crowds, but these characteristics are overruled to a greater or less extent by racial considerations. These two kinds of multitudes may, under certain influences investigated in this work, be transformed into organised or psychological crowds. We shall break up these organised crowds into the following divisions:--
注释摘要
勒庞在这一段里开始搭建他的群体分类学框架，他要解决的其实是一个很实际的问题：此前几编一直在谈心理群体的普遍特征，但现在必须说明，不同的集体在变成心理群体之后，表现出的特性并非一模一样。 他的论证起点是一个叫做“简单人群”的概念。这个提法本身就有他那个时代很典型的进化论味道。勒庞认为，最简单、最底层的人群，是由分属不同种族的个体拼凑起来的。这种人群唯一的共同…