《旧制度与大革命·卷三·第三章·法国高等法院如何循着旧例反而倾覆了王权》第19节
Numerous indeed and prodigious in extent were the faults that had to be committed to bring affairs to the state they then were in. But the Government of Louis XVI., having allowed itself to be driven to such a point, cannot be condemned for giving way. No means of resistance were at its disposal. Material force it could not use, as the army lent a reluctant, a nerveless support to its policy. The law it could not use, for the courts of justice were in opposition. In the old kingdom of France, moreover, the absolute power of the Crown had never had a force of its own nor possessed instruments depending solely on itself. It had never assumed the aspect of military tyranny; it was not born in camps and never had recourse to arms. It was essentially a civil power, a work not of violence but of art. This Government was so organised as easily to overpower individual resistance, but its constitution, its precedents, its habits, and those of the nation forbade it to govern against a majority in opposition. The power of the Crown had only been established by dividing classes, by hedging them round with the prejudices, the jealousies, the hatreds, peculiar to each of them, so as never to have to do with more than one class at once, and to bring the weight of all the others to bear against it. No sooner had these different classes, sinking for a moment the barriers by which they had been divided, met and agreed upon a common resistance, though but for a single day, than the absolute power of the Government was conquered. The Assembly of Vizille was the outward and visible sign of this new union and of what it might bring to pass. And although this occurrence took place in the depths of a small province and in a corner of the Alps, it thus became the principal event of the time. It exhibited to every eye that which had been as yet visible but to few, and in a moment it decided the victory.
注释摘要
托克维尔在这一段里给路易十六政府的崩溃做了一个几乎是结构性的诊断。他并不是在说政府一时失策或者用人不当，而是在指出，这个看上去强大的绝对王权，其力量的性质本身就决定了它无法应对一种特定局面：即各阶级暂时搁置隔阂，联手反对它。他先用一句话带过政府犯下的无数错误，但立刻把重点从主观失误转移到客观处境上——当政府被逼到这一步，它已经丧失了所有可用的抵抗手段。 这…