《旧制度与大革命·卷二·第十二章·何以十八世纪法国农民处境反不如十三世纪》第14节
The French nobility persisted in standing aloof from the other classes; the landed gentry ended by obtaining exemptions from most of the public burdens which rested upon them; they imagined that they should preserve their rank whilst they evaded its duties, and for a time this seemed to be so. But soon an internal and invisible malady appeared to have infected their condition; it dwindled away though no one touched it, and whilst their immunities increased their substance declined. The middle classes, with which they had been so reluctant to mingle, grew in wealth and in intelligence beside them, without them, and against them; they had rejected the middle classes as associates and as fellow-citizens; but they were about to find in those classes their rivals, soon their enemies, at length their masters. A superior power had relieved them from the care of directing, of protecting, of assisting their vassals; but as that power had left them in the full enjoyment of their pecuniary rights and their honorary privileges, they conceived that nothing was lost to them. As they still marched first, they still thought they were leading; and indeed they had still about them men whom, in the language of the law, they named their subjects--others were called their vassals, their tenants, their farmers. But, in reality, none followed them; they were alone, and when those very classes rose against them, flight was their only resource. Although the destinies of the nobility and the middle classes have differed materially from each other, they have had one point of resemblance: the men of the middle classes had ended by living as much apart from the common people as those of the upper classes. Far from drawing nearer to the peasantry, they had withdrawn from all contact with their hardships; instead of uniting themselves closely to the lower orders, to struggle in common against a common inequality, they only sought to establish fresh preferences in their own favour; and they were as eager to obtain exemptions for themselves as the nobles were to maintain their privileges. These peasants, from whom the middle classes had sprung, were not only become strangers to their descendants, but were literally unknown by them; and it was not until arms had been placed by the middle classes in their hands that those classes perceived what unknown passions they had kindled--passions which they could neither guide nor control, and which ended by turning the instigators of those passions into their victims.
注释摘要
托克维尔在这一段中浓缩了他全书最具诊断性的一个观念：旧制度下法国社会各等级之间的彼此离绝，不只是某种道德冷漠或风尚变化的结果，而是一种由制度催生、由特权硬化、最终反噬所有试图从中获利者的结构性进程。他首先回到贵族。贵族之所以坚持与其它等级保持距离，并非单纯出于傲慢，更因为他们在这个距离中看到了一种特权保存的假象。当他们从大多数公共负担中获得豁免时，他们以为…