《旧制度与大革命·卷二·第九章·如此相似的人何以更割裂》第10节
Places under the old Government did not always resemble those of our day, but I believe they were even more numerous; the number of petty places was almost infinite. It has been reckoned that between the years 1693 and 1790 alone, forty thousand such places were created, almost all within the reach of the lower middle class. I have counted that, in 1750, in a provincial town of moderate size, no less than one hundred and nine persons were engaged in the administration of justice, and one hundred and twenty-six in the execution of the judgments delivered by them--all inhabitants of the town. The eagerness with which the townspeople of the middle class sought to obtain these places was really unparalleled. No sooner had one of them become possessed of a small capital than, instead of investing it in business, he immediately laid it out in the purchase of a place. This wretched ambition has done more harm to the agriculture and the trade of France than the guilds or even the taille. When the supply of places failed, the imagination of place-hunters instantly fell to work to invent new ones. A certain Sieur Lemberville published a memorial to prove that it was quite in accordance with the interest of the public to create inspectors for a particular branch of manufactures, and he concluded by offering himself for the employment. Which of us has not known a Lemberville? A man endowed with some education and small means, thought it not decorous to die without having been a government officer. ‘Every man according to his condition,’ says a contemporary writer, ‘wants to be something by command of the King.’ The principal difference in this respect between the time of which I have been speaking and the present is, that formerly the Government sold the places; whereas now it gives them away. A man no longer pays his money in order to purchase a place: he does more, he sells himself.
注释摘要
这一段落在本章论证链条中承担着一个非常具体的功能：它不是在泛论旧制度的卖官制度，而是要把“官职饥渴”定位为中产阶级自我隔绝于乡村、自我矮化于权力的关键机制。托克维尔刚刚说完，富裕的平民一旦搬进城镇，就迅速丧失农村生活的趣味，转而把全部人生投注在一件事上——谋求公职。而现在他要把这个判断坐实，用数字、行为逻辑和一种尖锐的心理讽刺来证明，这种对官职的追逐不仅是…