《乌合之众·第二编·群体的意见与信念·群体的领袖及其说服手段》第17节
I now come to personal prestige. Its nature is very different from that of artificial or acquired prestige, with which I have just been concerned. It is a faculty independent of all titles, of all authority, and possessed by a small number of persons whom it enables to exercise a veritably magnetic fascination on those around them, although they are socially their equals, and lack all ordinary means of domination. They force the acceptance of their ideas and sentiments on those about them, and they are obeyed as is the tamer of wild beasts by the animal that could easily devour him. The great leaders of crowds, such as Buddha, Jesus, Mahomet, Joan of Arc, and Napoleon, have possessed this form of prestige in a high degree, and to this endowment is more particularly due the position they attained. Gods, heroes, and dogmas win their way in the world of their own inward strength. They are not to be discussed: they disappear, indeed, as soon as discussed. The great personages I have just cited were in possession of their power of fascination long before they became illustrious, and would never have become so without it. It is evident, for instance, that Napoleon at the zenith of his glory enjoyed an immense prestige by the mere fact of his power, but he was already endowed in part with this prestige when he was without power and completely unknown. When, an obscure general, he was sent, thanks to influential protection, to command the army of Italy, he found himself among rough generals who were of a mind to give a hostile reception to the young intruder dispatched them by the Directory. From the very beginning, from the first interview, without the aid of speeches, gestures, or threats, at the first sight of the man who was to become great they were vanquished. Taine furnishes a curious account of this interview taken from contemporary memoirs.
注释摘要
勒庞在此处提出了一个对他整个领袖理论至关重要的区分：习得的名望与个人的名望。习得的名望来自头衔、财富、制服这些外在的加持，而个人名望则被他描述为一种独立于一切社会标识、近乎磁力般的个人禀赋。他用一个意味深长的比喻来形容这种力量——驯兽师之于猛兽。猛兽在生理上有能力一口吞掉驯兽师，却选择服从，这不靠鞭子，不靠笼子，靠的是某种无形的支配力。勒庞要论证的就是这一…